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department of fire & explosion

Fire & explosion failure analysis.

Fires and explosions destroy the evidence of their own cause as they release it. We reconstruct origin, cause, and sequence from what survives — and to a standard that holds up under cross-examination.

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What failed?

Start a conversation with our AI Research Concierge, already scoped to fire & explosion. Select a specialization to prompt it, or describe your situation directly.

AI Research Conciergefire & explosion · triage, not a substitute for an expert
Tell me what happened and I'll help scope it — the likely origin and cause, what to preserve, and which expert fits. I won't give the formal analysis here.

Fire and explosion investigations start from a paradox: the event that needs explaining is also the process erasing the evidence that would explain it. A structure fire consumes the material at its own point of origin; a dust deflagration disperses the very cloud that fueled it before the flame front reaches the far wall; a vapor cloud explosion can level the piping that leaked in the first place. What survives — char patterns, arc beads, vent-panel deformation, fault-recorder timestamps, fuel and weather data — has to be read against an established methodology, not intuition, because the conclusions in this department routinely decide who pays for a total loss, a criminal charge, or a mass-casualty verdict. This department covers the mechanisms where fuel, oxidizer, and ignition intersect, from a smoldering electrical connection to a vapor cloud that levels a city block.

specialization areas

Specialization areas in this department.

Each specialization area covers a distinct ignition or explosion mechanism with its own physics, examination protocol, and governing standards. Start with the one that matches your incident.

methodology

How this department investigates.

Fire and explosion investigations follow a documented, repeatable methodology — not because a standard requires it, but because skipping a step is how a conclusion gets overturned later.

Systematic origin & cause methodologyNFPA 921 scientific-method approach — hypotheses formed and tested against the physical evidence, not reached by process of elimination.
Fire & explosion modelingZone and CFD fire models and vent-sizing calculations testing whether a proposed origin and growth scenario matches the observed damage.
Metallurgical & residue analysisSEM/EDS examination of arc beads, explosion residue, and fire debris to distinguish cause from consequence.
Laboratory & explosibility testingGC-MS accelerant analysis and dust explosibility testing performed under recognized ASTM protocols.
Ignition-source & equipment testingFunctional and failure testing of electrical equipment, protective devices, and mechanical ignition sources recovered from the scene.
Data & records reconstructionSCADA, BMS, event-recorder, weather, and lightning-strike data correlated to establish sequence and timing.
news & insights

News & insights from this department.

Technical briefings and case analyses on fire and explosion origin, cause, and reconstruction — written by the people who investigate them.

Lightning, holdover, and telling a natural ignition from a human one

Lightning ignitions can smoulder for days before they are detected, which puts the strike and the fire on different dates and makes the distinction from human causes less obvious than it sounds.

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Utility ignition: what the hardware and the fault data show

Where a wildfire is attributed to electrical infrastructure, the conductors, the hardware and the operator's own recorded data usually contain the answer.

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Finding a square metre in a hundred thousand acres

A fire that burns a landscape still started at one point. Origin area determination in wildland fire runs backward along the fire's own directional record.

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The two ordinary vehicle fires: fluid on a hot surface, and a chafed harness

Most non-collision vehicle fires trace to one of two mechanisms. Distinguishing them is usually possible, and it determines whether the answer is maintenance, repair work or a manufacturing defect.

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Stranded energy: handling evidence in electric vehicle fires

High-voltage battery fires reignite hours or days after suppression. That behaviour is a safety problem, a storage problem and an evidence-preservation problem at the same time.

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Did the fire start before the collision or after it?

Sequencing a vehicle fire against a collision changes who is responsible for what. The physical evidence and the recorded data usually constrain the order more tightly than either does alone.

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all fire & explosion insights
common questions

Fire & explosion investigations — the questions we hear.

What is NFPA 921 and why does every serious investigation reference it?

NFPA 921, the Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, sets out a scientific-method approach: recognize the problem, collect data, form hypotheses, and test each one against the physical evidence rather than reaching a conclusion by ruling out alternatives you never actually tested. Courts routinely evaluate fire-cause opinions against it, and a conclusion that departs from its methodology without a stated reason is one of the first things opposing experts and cross-examination will target.

How is a fire investigation different from an explosion investigation?

Both start with the same NFPA 921 origin-and-cause discipline, but an explosion investigation layers on a second body of physics — deflagration versus detonation, overpressure, venting, and confinement — that a pure fire investigation does not need. Many real incidents are both: an explosion event followed by a fire that consumes the scene, which means the explosion mechanics have to be reconstructed first, before the fire damage can be correctly interpreted on top of it.

How fast do we need to preserve the scene?

Faster than most people expect. Demolition crews, insurance-mandated mitigation, weather exposure, and even well-intentioned cleanup can destroy origin-area evidence within days, and salvage or suppression activity at a wildfire or industrial site can erase burn indicators within hours. The earlier an investigator is involved — ideally before anything is moved — the stronger the eventual opinion, because origin determination depends on the spatial relationship between damage patterns that a single photograph rarely captures completely.

Can cause still be determined after the scene has already been cleared or altered?

Sometimes, but with real limits. Photographs taken during cleanup, witness statements, retained debris samples, equipment pulled before disposal, and electronic records — SCADA, BMS, alarm panel, or event-recorder data — can still support a conclusion. What is usually lost is the ability to test alternate hypotheses directly against the physical scene, which weakens confidence and invites challenge. If the scene has already been disturbed, the priority becomes preserving whatever remains immediately rather than waiting.

A fire or explosion happened. Find out why.

Describe the incident. We will scope it and connect you with the right expert — usually within one business day.

failure-analysis assistanttriage · not a substitute for an expert
Tell me what happened and I'll help scope it — the likely origin and cause, what to preserve, and which expert fits. I won't give the formal analysis here.